Tali qualitative

O lenei o le paranesi o le faasaienisi o le kemisi analytical, suesue le tuufaatasiga ma le faatulagaina o mea vailaau. O loo faaaogaina mo le suesueina o le iloa tuufaatasi po o le faafefiloi. auiliiliga Qualitative e fuafua i le afioaga po o le toesea o elemene po o radicals i le lotoa vailaau, ma le auiliiliga Aofaiga e aofia ai le faaiuga o se mea vailaau i le faataitaiga, i.e., o le aofai o vaega ua tuufaatasia ai le paluga. Mo le auiliiliga qualitative o le uiga faaaogaina o elemene patino o le tali vailaau e faigofie ona faatinoina. tofotofoga Qualitative faatagaina le mataituina o le aafiaga faamoemoeina po o le leai i latou.

o le atiina ae o le kemisi Analytical metotia fou ma faaleleia o iloiloga ma o latou talosaga aoga, faapea foi ma le suesueina o le faavae faʻalemafaufau o faiga analytical. Latou tomai i le lava vailaau, auala faaletino ma physico-vailaau o iloiloga. I le loto o le toatele oi latou tali qualitative o loo faaaogaina mo le sailia o radicals, ma elemene ma tuufaatasi aofia ai foi i le tuufaatasiga o le faataitaiga. E suesue le qualitative ma tuufaatasiga Aofaiga o loo faaaogaina:

• auiliiliga elemental (fuafuaina e le tuufaatasiga elemental);
• auiliiliga molecular (faatulagaina i le faatulagaga o le tuufaatasi vailaau i luga o le tulaga molecular);
• auiliiliga fausaga (a ituaiga o iloiloga molecular, sailiili i le fausaga spatial o atoms ma molecules, latou molecular mamafa ma fua faatatau o ni faataitaiga);
• auiliiliga e faaaogaina i (tuufaatasi faatulagaina suesue i vaega e faaaogaina i).

O lea la, e mafai ona iloa uma e lua tuufaatasi inorganic ma faatulagaina. I le afioaga o le elemene patino e mafai ona foliga mai po o le mou coloration tatalaina po o ua faataapeina precipitate matauina effervescence ma isi. Afai o le uiga o le tali ua filifilia saʻo, i.e. filifili (filifilia) mo se faapitoa puipuiga po o anion, faapea foi matua nofouta (i.e., faitotoa mauaina e mafai ai i le aofaiga laitiiti), o le a avea ma taunuuga faatuatuaina le taunuuga - o le faaiuga o le afioaga po o le toesea i se faataitaiga feaveai po o mea . O le faavae o lenei assay e fofo aqueous o iloa tali qualitative ionic.

Mo tuufaatasi inorganic, e masani ona latou tutupu i fofo aqueous, ae i le ua faia mauaina tulaga o cations alkali uamea pe a faia ni masima matutu i averesi (hottest) vaega afi lamepa agaga. O le cations o lithium (Li +) o le a valivali le afi i se lanu piniki pogisa. cations potassium (K +) - a Vaioleti, sodium (NA +) - lanu samasama, rubidium (Rb +) - mumu, cesium (CS +) - i le lanu moana. e mafai ona aveina atu cations Qualitative tali mo masima barium: o le afioaga o le cations barium (Ba2 +) o loo faatulaga i le faaopoopoina i reagent e ions sulfate (SO42-), talu ai o le taunuuga o barium sulfate precipitated lanu paʻepaʻe, lea e mafai ona tatala i acids: Ba2 + + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. Le afioaga o le taʻimua puipuiga (Pb2 +) maua pe a aafia i sulfide fofo masima aqueous (S2-), o se taunuuga o taitai sulfide ua faia, lea precipitates o se precipitate uliuli: Pb2 + + S2- → PbS ↓. O lauiloa tali qualitative, e tele uma cations ma anions, ma latou o loo faamatalaina i le kemisi Analytical.

Ina ua filifilia o se tali sili ona lelei i le faataitaiga o tofotofoga, e aoga ia iloa le tulafono aoao o le solubility o tuufaatasi vailaau:

1. e soluble uma nitrates.
2. Toeitiiti lava potassium uma, masima sodium ma ammonium e soluble.
3. chlorides uma, bromides ma iodides e soluble, ae vagana ai mo halide ario, mercury (I) ma Pb (II).
4. sulfates soluble uma, vagana sulfate barium, strontium ma taitai (II), o insoluble, ma kalisiu sulfate ma ario, o moderately soluble.
5. Uma carbonates, sulfites ma phosphates e insoluble vagana carbonates, sulphites ma potassium phosphates, sodium ma ammonium.
6. sulfides insoluble uma vagana sulfides o uʻamea alkali, uʻamea lalolagi alkaline ma ammonium.
7. hydroxides insoluble uma ae vagana ai mo hydroxides alkaline uamea. hydroxide Strontium, kalisiu ma barium e le tatau soluble.

O mea faatulagaina e pei o alkanes (hydrocarbons paraffin) po o alkenes (hydrocarbons unsaturated) e mafai ona iloa mai e faaaoga ai se fofo o potassium permanganate, lea i le tulaga muamua o le a le suia lona lanu ina hydrocarbons paraffinic ma permanganate le tali atu i le malulu. I le tulaga lona lua, e avea colorless le fofo ona tali leakage Wagner (f.t.t., ethylene): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. O se taunuuga, toulu ni o precipitate manganese karaponi i ai o se lanu brownish. Polotini ua tuufaatasi lavelave faatulagaina e maua ai galuega tauave taua o so o se tino ola. Latou seti tele, o le faamatalaga o le a taua aogā tele. tali qualitative e polotini faaaoga mo nei faamoemoega, o loo vaevaeina i latou i le lanu ma le igoa. Ma o latou fesoasoani, e le o fuafuaina e le polotini latou lava, ma acids amino loo i ai i latou.