Acid carboxylic

lotoa faatulagaina vailaau, o lona molecules le itiiti ifo i le tasi vaega carboxyl i lona fausaga (e ogatusa carbonyl - vaega e faaaogaina i o aldehydes ma ketones, ma hydroxyl - vaega e faaaogaina i le ava malosi) maua igoa masani - acid carboxylic. Fua faatatau e mafai ona faatusa i latou e pei R-COOH, lea R o se vaega e faaaogaina i hydrocarbon monovalent. So o se acid carboxylic, i le eseesega i le tele o acids inorganic, vaivai ma dissociated incompletely i ions.

E pei o le faataitaiga faigofie e formic (methane) acid H-COOH. O le igoa e faatatau i le talafaasolopito o le muamua o lona le mauaina i le 1670 o le mumu loi natura Igilisi John Ray. O le acid carboxylic i ai ni vaega se lua po o le sili carboxyl a valaauina dibasic (dicarboxylic), tribasic (po tricarboxylic) ma isi. O le faataitaiga faigofie o acid oxalic ma ona fua faatatau C2H2O4, i le molecule lea o loo lua ni vaega carboxyl. A o shestiosnovnoy e mafai ona taitai mellitic (geksakarbonovuyu) acid, o lona fua faatatau C12H6O12. O le molecule loo ono vaega carboxyl ua suia i se benzene mama atoms hydrogen.

acids faatulagaina e masani ona maua i le natura. Mo se faataitaiga, o lo o aofia acid geksakarbonovaya i maa le meli o loo maua i lignites).

E tele tuufaatasi faalenatura taua i lenei vasega. E aofia ai citric acid C6H8O7 (faatusa E330-E333 ni faaopoopo meaai), lea na muai maua mai i le sua o le tipolo moto i le 1784 e ala i le faletalavai Swedish K. Scheele. Tartaric acid C4H6O6 o se faʻaopoopoga meaai E334). O lenei acid carboxylic ua lautele tufatufaina i le natura. E i ai i le sua fou o le tele o fua.

Afai tatou te iloilo so o se faasologa homologous o tuufaatasi faatulagaina, i ai o loo i ai suiga masani i meatotino ma le faateleina o le mamafa molecular. Le meatotino a lotoa taitasi e faalagolago i luga o le faatulagaga o le molecules, o lona uiga, i le tele o itu faamatalaina latou isomerism acids carboxylic. O le sui muamua o le faasologa homologous maua mai acid formic, e aofia ai acetic ma propionic, e faatatau i se suavai. Ua faamatalaina e se manogi ogaoga ma e faigofie soluble i le vai. e solids le sui maualuga lea e mafai ona tatala i le vai.

meatotino vailaau o acids carboxylic ua mafuli fuafuaina e le uunaiga a le vaega carbonyl i se vaega hydroxyl. O le mea lea, o nei tuufaatasi, e ese mai le alcohols, ua i ai se uiga acid faaleoina.

Mo se faataitaiga, i fofo aqueous, e mafai ona latou dissociate i ions, lea ua faamaonia e le valivali vai ina ua uma mumu litmus. fautuaina mai i le afioaga lenei o cations hydrogen. O le, o acidic le auala o lo latou vaifofo aqueous (TA itiiti ifo 7).

Pe a fegalegaleai ma uʻamea po o le nofoaga autu e mafai ona o le faia o masima acid carboxylic: 2CH3-COOH + Mg → (CH3-COO) 2Mg + H2 ↑.

ulu atu foi acids faatulagaina i tali vailaau ma carbonates, displacing acid carbonic: 2CH3-COOH + MgCO3 → (CH3-COO) 2Mg + H2O + CO2 ↑.

Latou faigofie ona tali atu ma le amonia e fausia ai masima: CH3-COOH + NH3 → CH3-COONH4.

Le meatotino acidic e faaleleia atili pe a auai acids faatulagaina i le māeʻa ma se substituent aafiaga inductive lelei. Mo se faataitaiga, o le gaoioiga o le chlorine i acid acetic na suia malie se tasi atomu hydrogen o atoms chlorine ma le mauaina o acid chloroacetic, acid dichloroacetic, ona acid trichloroacetic, ei ai se faateleina maai i latou meatotino acidic.

e mafai ona maua i so o se acid carboxylic i le tele o auala. O le masani o le auala, lea e faavae i le tali o oxidation. E pei o le totogi muamua o reactants alcohols po aldehydes. O le isi auala o le tuuina acids faatulagaina o le hydrolysis o nitriles tafe ala i le susunuina i latou i acids faavaivaia minerale.