Hydrocarbons Unsaturated: alkenes, meatotino vailaau ma talosaga

Alkenes - hydrocarbons unsaturated lona molecules va atoms lua carbon, o se tasi fusi lua. e masani ona taʻua i latou o hydrocarbons faasologa ethylene, ona o se ethylene sui faigofie NC2 = CH2. O nisi taimi o loo faatatau nei hydrocarbons olefins pei alkenes gaseous le tali ma bromine po chlorine e fausia tuufaatasi suauu e le soluble i le vai. O le upu "alkenes" e maua nomenclature IUPAC mai le upu "alkanes", lea -o se suffix ua suia i le -ene suffix, lea e faailoa mai e le afioaga i le molecule o le mea o le fusi lua.

hydrocarbons Unsaturated - alkenes: fausaga

pogai manatu alkenes uma o ethylene po ethene - C2H4.

O le molecule ethylene loo atoms lua carbon ma le fa atoms hydrogen, atoms le carbon unsaturated. Taitasi o le atomu carbon unsaturated hybridizes es tasi ma le lua pi-orbitals, ma o se tasi pi toega orbital i "pepa faatumu mama", e tuuina mamao maualuga o orbitals faaeletoroni hybridized. latou axes fausia 120 °. O lenei ua faia ai tulaga e silisili ona lelei mo le fesiliaʻi o orbitals electron. E tolu e pei orbitals o atoms carbon e fausia ai noataga sigma tolu (lua F-T, se F-C). O le mea lea, o le ethylene molecule e lima noataga sigma ua faasa i le vaalele e tasi, ua avea i le va o latou se tulimanu o le 120 °. P-electrons e tumau i le "mama" fausia se isi sootaga i le va o atoms lua carbon. Faamatalaina faatulagaga faaeletoroni o molecules ethylene masani o alkenes. hydrocarbons Unsaturated e tatau ona manatu i ai e pogai o ethylene.

Mo alkene faamatalaina i le 2 ituaiga o isomerism - geometric ma fausaga.

isomers fausaga o alkenes amata i butene C4H8. Iloa ma ona variants - filifili isomerism (po o auivi carbon) ma isomers tulaga o le fusi e lua i se matagaluega.

Geometric isomerism ona o le tulaga le lelei o substituents hydrogen i le molecule o aiga ethylene i le vaalele o le fusi lua. hydrocarbons Unsaturated e cis- ma trans-isomers.

Alkenes i le setete saoloto ua seāseā ona maua i le natura. na synthesized latou faaaogaina o faiga tau alamanuia ma fale suesue.

meatotino vailaau o hydrocarbons: alkenes

Ua mafua mai i se sootaga e lua i le va o atoms lua carbon i le molecule o se alkene.

O le tali hydrogenation

Alkenes tali faigofie piitaga o hydrogen. E tupu i totonu o le afioaga o le catalysts po faʻavevela:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

auai halides

O tupe e maua le tali e ala i le tulafono Markovnikov, i.e. e le tali a hydrogen halide ma asymmetric molecules alkenes hydrogen ua faaopoopo i le nofoaga o le localization o le fusi lua sili i le carbon atomu sosoo lea e sili atoms hydrogen, o se halogen atomu - i le atomu carbon sosoo lea itiiti atoms hydrogen po o le atoatoa latou te le oi ai:

CH3-CH = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

O le faaaogaina o hydrocarbons

Ethene - kasa faaleaogaina foi i le ava malosi ma le lelei soluble i le vai, mea papa.

Latou mauoa i le kasa le faapapaina o (e oo i le 20% o le mamafa atoa) ma le kesi ogaumu coke (pe tusa ma le 5%). I totonu o le fale suesue auala o dehydration o ethylene saunia dehydrogenation o ethane ma ethanol. Faatatau i maua ethylene ava malosi ethyl, chloride vinyl, ethylbenzyl, polyethylene, anitifirisi sui (mea e faaitiitia ai le taofia tulaga o le vai i le afi) ma isi mea faatulagaina. I tagata ma vailaau mo tipiga o manu, o loo faaaogaina ethylene o se tuufaatasia o fualaau oona i le fua - e faatelevaveina le matua o fua (tamato, tipolo, ma le pei).

Propylene e maua faatasi ai ma ethylene i le pyrolysis ma le faapapaina o ituaiga eseese o feedstock suauu. Propylene - o se vaega o suauu afi. E faaaogaina e pei feedstock mo polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, ava malosi isopropyl. Faatasi ai ma le isopropanol, acetone, ma isopropylbenzyl - acetone ma phenol. Propylene ua faaaogaina o se fualaau faasaina nakoti mo synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, ma isi