Ethers. fōliga

Ethers o mea faatulagaina, o le molecules o ia ua i ai radicals hydrocarbon faapipii atu i le atomu okesene. Faamaumauga e faapea: R'-O-R ", lea R" ma R 'ua radicals tutusa pe eseese.

ua manatu Ethers pei pogai o alcohols. O nei tuufaatasi ai igoa lotoa. E faaaoga e le radicals Igoa (aʻe mamafa molecular) ma, o le mea moni, o le upu "ea" (dimethyl Eteru SN3OSN3, methyl Eteru ethyl S2N5OSN3 ma isi).

ua maua Symmetrical tuufaatasi R-O-R e dehydration intramolecular o se ava malosi. I se tasi molecule, lea o le fesootaiga tupu va Oi, ma isi - o le F-O. e mafai ona iloiloina le tali o se suiga nucleophilic Ho-vaega (i se tasi molecule) vaega RO (o se isi molecule).

lotoa Asymmetric R-O-R 'faia i le fegalegaleaiga o alkoxide ma galogenouglevodoroda.

Ethers (pei o latou alcohols isomeric) i ai faaliusuavai ma manatu pupuna maualalo. toetoe lava ma le fesootaiga vai te le palu. o lenei ona o le mea moni e faapea e le i fausia ethers noataga hydrogen ona o le auai i le polar molecule noataga Le-T.

ua le toaaga tuufaatasi. Latou te maua se tomai pito i lalo e tali nai lo alcohols.

e masani ona faaaogaina Ethers o se mafai ona totogi aitalafu ona o lo latou tomai e faataape le tele o mea faatulagaina.

O le tuufaatasi e sili ona taua e aofia ai mea acidic heterocyclic: dioxane ma epoxide (oxide ethylene).

O le muamua o le a mafai ona totogi aitalafu lelei. o miscible Dioxane ma uma hydrocarbons ma le vai. Ona o nei uiga, o lenei lotoa ua taʻua foi o le "vai faatulagaina". o Dioxane oona, ae o lona tulaga matautia sili faatusa dibenzoderivatives halogen.

cellulose esters o le oloa o le suia o le atomu hydrogen i le hydroxyl vaega o macromolecules cellulose e moieties alkyl po acid. ua faia le tuufaatasia e faasoa fou meatotino a se mea, aemaise le solubility ma thermoplasticity. Ina ua suia toega acid faia lavelave, e ala i le suia i radicals alkyl - tuufaatasi faigofie.

Muamua saunia i le faagasologa o acylation ma esterification - pe a le tali cellulose ma acids inorganic ma faatulagaina, latou acid chlorides ma anhydrides. O le taua o le faatinoga aupito sili ksatogenatam. O nei tuufaatasi e saunia e tali atu i inorganic acids ma lo latou faaaogaina i totonu o le gaosia o cellophane ma alava viscose. taua alamanuia ma cellulose nitrates. o loo faaaogaina i latou i le tuuina atu o lacquers, ata tifaga, efuefu smokeless.

I totonu o le tuufaatasi maua e ala i tali i acids faatulagaina, i le alamanuia lautele faaaogaina acetates cellulose. o loo faaaogaina i latou i le saunia o alava gaosi, uga ma ata tifaga.

E i ai foi esters fefiloi cellulose. O loo i ai le tele o substituents acyl ma alkyl.

Meatotino a ethers cellulose e faalagolago i le natura o le māeʻa. Taua ma ua i ai se tikeri o le suia ma polymerization.

tuufaatasi maualalo suia faigofie e soluble i fofo aqueous alkaline ma le vai. O lenei e mafai ai lo latou faaaogaina o thickeners ma stabilizers i emulsions i le suauu, pepa, lavalava, meaai, vailaau ma isi alamanuia. Matuā suia esters (lavelave ma faigofie) e ogatusa ma plasticizers. o loo faaaogaina i latou i le gaosia o le uga ma paints maua.

e polyesters o loo ethers pale sili atu le okesene i le atoms mama. Technically, ua manatu i latou o oloa o ethylene tsiklooligomerizatsii oxide. A meatotino tulaga ese o nei tuufaatasi o le tomai e fausia ai complexes ma masima eseese o uʻamea alkali. O nei complexes ua faia ona o fegalegaleaiga electrostatic.